\begindata{text,538475976} \textdsversion{12} \template{help} \define{global } \chapter{Eq: demonstration equation editor} \section{What Eq is} \leftindent{ Eq is an equation editor. It allows you to edit, format, and print equations, or to insert equation views into \helptopic{EZ} documents. Eq is not for calculating equations; it only supports editing and formatting. At this time, you cannot print equation views. \ This help document contains the following parts: \leftindent{Starting Eq Entering keyboard and special characters \leftindent{--Alphabetic characters --Positioning characters --Spacing characters --Special strings --Greek characters --Special symbols} Editing equations \leftindent{--Cutting, copying and pasting --Deleting characters --Scripting --Saving --Reading in Eq files }Previewing and printing \ You can preview equations, but not print them. \ Using keyboard commands Pop-up menu meanings Program Authors Related tools }} \section{Starting Eq }\leftindent{ There three ways to start Eq: \ 1. At the command prompt, type eq\italic{ filename }and press Enter. 2. At the command prompt, type "ez \italic{file}.eq" and press Enter. (The use of the .eq extension will automatically create an eq document.) 3. Add an Eq inset to a document and edit it there. (See the \italic{insets }help document for details.) If you are creating a new Eq document, the Eq editor appears as a blank screen, with only a text caret and a striped input box called a \bold{zilch}. Eq uses a zilch to show you where your next input will appear. A zilch always appears when there are no other chararacters in Eq, in certain expressions where you must enter numbers (such as fractions and square roots), and when changes in position are indicated (such as superscripts and subscripts). For example, you can create a blank fraction by typing "/". The blank fraction contains two zilches, one in the numerator and one in the denominator, with the caret positioned next to the zilch in the numerator to show that it will appear when you type. To enter the fraction, type the numerator and press Enter to move the caret to the denominator. Then, type the denominator and press Enter. Note that when the caret is in front of a zilch and you type a character, the zilch is replaced by that character. \ You can move around Eq by using the mouse, menus, or keybindings. To reposition the caret using the mouse, point the mouse cursor where you want to place the caret and press the left mouse button. \ } \section{Entering Keyboard and Special Characters} \leftindent{ \bold{Alphabetic characters.} Letters of the Roman alphabet (a-z, A-Z) appear on the screen as you type them, but in an italic font. \ \bold{Other keyboard characters.} Non-alphabetic characters and symbols usually appear as you types them. These characters include: - Minus or negative + Plus * Multiplication < Less than > Greater than = Equals ' Prime . Decimal point , Comma [] Left and right square brackets () Left and right parentheses \{\} Left and right curly brackets \bold{Positioning characters.} These characters, when typed in, will insert a zilch in the appropriate spot. All of these characters correspond to menu items which perform the same functions. See the section below, "Pop-up Menu Meanings," for details. ! Above # Below ^ Superscript _ Subscript / Fraction \bold{Spacing characters.} The spacebar does not insert spaces in Eq. To make a space appear, choose "Insert Symbol..." from the pop-up menus, type one of the following strings at the "Symbol?" prompt in the message area, and press Enter: thin (insert a narrow space) med (insert a medium space) thick (insert a wide space) \bold{Special Strings.} You can display special strings by choosing "Insert Symbol..." from the menus, typing the string in at the "Symbol?" prompt in the message area, and pressing Enter. Although these special strings look like alphabetic characters, they are displayed in a non-italic font because each string is considered a single unit for purposes of display, manipulation and deletion. The special strings include: log lim sin cos \ tan sinh cosh tanh \ \bold{Greek characters.} To display individual greek characters, choose "Insert Symbol..." from the menus, and when the "Symbol?" prompt appears in the message area, type in the name of the Greek character you want and press Enter. For example, you can put in a lowercase alpha by typing "alpha" at the Symbol prompt and pressing Enter. To put in an uppercase alpha, type "Alpha" and press Enter. Several of the lowercase greek characters have alternate symbolic representations. These optional symbols are: \ vartheta varsigma varphi varomega \ (Note: The var-prefixed characters Greek characters are for screen display only--they appear as the standard Greek character on a printed copy, for example, vartheta would appear identical to a theta when printed.) \bold{Special symbols.} You can display many mathematical symbols in a similar manner. Just choose "Insert Symbol..." from the menus, type in the abbreviation for the name of the symbol you want, and press Enter. For example, to display a plus-over-minus sign, choose "Insert Symbol..." from the menus, type "+-" at the Symbol prompt, and press Enter. To display an integral operator, choose "Insert Symbol..."from the menus, type "int" at the Symbol prompt and press Enter. The list of special symbols below contains abbreviations at the left and the symbols they produce at the right: \ \description{ + Plus \ +- Plus over minus - Minus or negative -+ Minus over plus * Multiplication / Division = Equal <> Not equal < Less than <= Less than or equal > Greater than >= Greater than or equal -> Right arrow <- Left arrow up Up arrow down Down arrow ( Left paren ) Right paren [ Left bracket ] Right bracket \{ Left brace (can also be done by typing "lbrace" instead of "\{") \} Right brace (can also be done by typing and "rbrace" instead of "\}") langle Left angle (produces a large left angle that differs from the greater-than ">"sign) rangle Right angle (produces a large right angle that differs from the less-than "<"sign) all All (inverted A) exists Exists (reversed E) st Such that cint Circular integral int Integral sum Summation (large Sigma) product Product (large Pi) union_op Union operator or_op Or operator inter_op Intersection operator and_op And operator inf Infinity approx Approximately and And (smaller form of and_op) or Or (smaller form of or_op) ' Prime (attached to previous character) dot Centered dot (attached to previous character) bar Bar over previous symbol which will expand over additional characters until a carriage return is entered. slash Slash character root Single space square root. (This root symbol does not expand. Choose Root from the menus to get an expanding square root symbol.) }} \section{Editing Equations}\section{ }\leftindent{ \bold{Cutting, copying and pasting.} You can cut, copy or paste segments of equations by selecting them and using menu options. To select, point the mouse cursor at the beginning of the text to be selected and click the left mouse button. Then, move the cursor to the end of the equation and click the right mouse button. The selected text appears in reverse video (white characters in a black box.) \ The areas that you can select are limited by the structure of the equation. For example, Eq will not allow a selection that starts inside the numerator of a fraction to extend outside the numerator. Otherwise, cutting, pasting, and copying work the same in Eq as in EZ. \bold{Deleting characters.} You can delete characters by placing the text caret behind them and pressing Backspace or by placing the cursor in front of them and typing ^D. When you delete the last item in a group such as the numerator of a fraction or a super- or subscript, a zilch remains to give you another chance; typing one more ^D will delete the zilch and the group as well. Thus, typing `/' followed by ^D creates a fraction with two zilches and then deletes it. \bold{Scripting\bold{.}}\bold{ } There are four menu options related to scripting: Superscript, Subscript, Above, and Below. All of these menu options place a zilch next to the previous character in a different script position. An alternative way of creating a script is to place the caret after the character to be scripted and typing a positioning character. Type `^' to get into a superscript, `_' to get into a subscript. Type `!' to get into a script above the character or `#' to get into a script below a character. After you have created a script, you can get back into it by placing the caret before the scripted character and typing ^P to go to the superscript (or above) or ^N to go to the subscript (or below). \bold{Creating Fractions.} You can create a fraction by choosing "Fraction" from the menus to produce a blank fraction containing two zilches. An alternative way is to type `/'. When the blank fraction appears, type in the numerator, press Enter, type in the denominator, and press Enter to complete it. To get back into a numerator, place the caret before the fraction and type ^P; to get into a denominator, place the caret before the fraction and type ^N.} \leftindent{\bold{Saving files.} You can save an Eq file by choosing "Save" or "Save As" from the pop-up menus. When the "Write to file" prompt appears in the message area, type in the name of the file you want to save and press Enter. The file will be saved in the directory in which you started using Eq. }\ \leftindent{\bold{Reading in Eq files.} You can read Eq files into an Eq window or inset by choosing the "Read File" option from the pop-up menus. When the prompt appears in the message line, type in the name of the file you want to read in and press Enter. } \section{Previewing and printing} \leftindent{ Printing and previewing equations is possible however, due to certain limitations of the formatting and printing programs which are currently being used, some symbols do not print exactly as they appear on the screen. } \section{Using keyboard commands} \leftindent{ The following is a list of some of the keystroke commands. The "^" represents the Ctrl key. Keybindings which correspond to menu items are listed in the "Pop-up menu meanings" section below. ^P Move up ^N Move down ^F Move forward ^B Move backward ^D Delete forward ^H Delete backward ^A Move to beginning of group ^E Move to end of group Move to next item (Same as Enter.) } \section{Pop-up menu meanings} Keybindings which correspond to these menu options are listed in parentheses after their names. \ \italic{Front menu card} \leftindent{ \bold{Paste: }(^Y) Paste inserts cut or copied information back into a document at the point where the cursor appears. (When part of the equation is selected, the Cut and Copy menu options appear.) \leftindent{ \bold{Cut:} (^W) Deletes the selected text into the cutbuffer from which you can paste it back into any document by choosing Paste. \ \bold{Copy:} (Esc-w) Copies the selected text into the cutbuffer. You can put the text you copied most recently back into any document by choosing Paste.} \bold{Save:} (^X^S) Saves all changes in the file you are editing. \bold{Quit:} (^X^C) Quits Eq. If you try to quit Eq without saving the changes you have made, the message \ \leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway [n]? }\ appears. To quit without saving the changes you have made, type y and press Enter. To save the changes you have made, press Enter and then use Save. }\ \italic{Formulae menu card} \leftindent{ \bold{Root: }(^R) Creates a square root symbol which extends over the characters you type until you press Enter. \bold{Fraction: }(/) Creates a fraction, containing a zilch in the numerator and the denominator. After typing in the numerator, press Enter to begin typing the denominator. After typing the denominator, press Enter again to move out of the fraction. \bold{Superscript:} (^) Moves a zilch to the superscript position, in which you can enter superscript characters. Press Enter to move out of the subscript when you finish typing it.. \bold{Subscript:} (_) Moves a zilch to the subscript position, in which you can enter a subscript character. Press Enter to move out of the subscript. \bold{Above:} (!) Moves a zilch directly above the current symbol, in which you can enter characters. Press Enter to move the caret back to the main line of the equation. \ \bold{Below:} (#) Moves a zilch directly below the current symbol. Press Enter to move the caret back to the main line of the equation. \bold{Insert Symbol...} (Esc-a) Prompts for the name of the special symbol to be inserted into the equation. } \italic{File menu card} \leftindent{\bold{Save As:} (^X^W) Prompts for the name under which the file is to be saved. \bold{Read File:} (^X^R) Prompts for the name of a file to be inserted.}\italic{ }\leftindent{ \bold{C:} (^Zc) Displays a version of the file translated into C in the command window where the eq or ez was started. \bold{EQN:} (^Ze) Displays a version of the file translated into EQN (the troff equation macro package) in the command window where the eq or ez was started. \bold{TROFF:} (^Zt) Displays a version of the file translated into troff in the command window where the eq or ez was started. \bold{DVI:} (^Zd) Displays a version of the file translated into device-independent troff output in the the command window where the eq or ez was started. \bold{Preview:} (^Zv) Starts the Preview program on the current document to show what the document would look like when printed. For more information, see the \italic{\helptopic{preview}} help document. \bold{Print:} (^Zp) Sends a copy of the file to the printer. For more information, see the \italic{\helptopic{print}} help document. } \section{Authors} \leftindent{ Bruce Lucas-original Eq. Maria Wadlow-ATK conversion. } \section{Related tools} Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose "Show Help on Selected Word" from the pop-up menu to see the help file for: \leftindent{\italic{\helptopic{ez} \helptopic{insets} }} \begindata{bp,538505984} \enddata{bp,538505984} \view{bpv,538505984,1,0,0} Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM. All rights reserved. \smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice, this permission notice, and the following disclaimer appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of IBM, Carnegie Mellon University, and other copyright holders, not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, AND THE OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, OR ANY OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. $ }}\enddata{text,538475976}